The History of Quality Control

　　Quality control is a series of activities that ensure and improve the quality of products and service.

　　The term 'quality control' came into common use in the 1950s because of W. Edward Deming. His 'Fourteen Points' have become the bible for quality control specialists. When the post-war world returned to regular manufacturing, Deming said that inspecting product quality after they were made was unacceptable. Instead, he proposed a process known as 'statistical quality control'. It would use closely monitored performance measures to control quality while a product was being made. The goal of statistical quality control was to gather data that would allow for the constant improvement of manufacturing processes. This would in turn improve quality control.

　　Another important principle of Deming's beliefs was that upper management should be responsible for quality failures. He strongly believed that it was possible for the workers to work hard to produce the highest quality products if they were given the right tools and working environment. In Deming's own words, 'the basic cause of sickness in American industry and the resulting unemployment is a failure of top management to manage.' He believed that strong leadership led to a motivated work force.

　　If strong leadership is the term for managers in a quality environment, then empowerment is the key concept for workers in Deming's system. Improved education and training are key factors in reaching employees and making them believe that their increased participation in the work process is an essential part of improving quality. Involvement, participation, and teamwork are seen as absolute 'must haves' if a quality workplace is to be created.

　　The Japanese were the first to use Deming's Fourteen Points, and made great success. As an example, one Japanese factory doubled production in just one year and was expecting to gain an additional 25 percent improvement the following year, with no increase in the amount of working hours. All this happened as a result of simply improving quality. It was in the late 1970s that American manufacturing factories realized that quality control was a significant issue. By that time, Japanese firms such as Honda and Sony were taking over large portions of the American consumer market while it took most American firms until the 1990s to put quality control practices in place.

操作提示：通过题干后的下拉框选择题目的正确答案。

1. According to W. Edward Deming, what is the best time to control product quality?

　A. Before a product is made.

　B. After a product is made.

　C. During the production process.

2. When there are quality failures, where does W. Edward Deming think the blame lies?

　A. In the workforce.

　B. In the upper management.

　C. In the tools.

3. Which of the following will not help to create a quality workplace?

　A. Working alone.

　B. Group participation.

　C. Training programs.

4. During which period were some Japanese firms winning American consumer markets over American firms?

　A. 1990s.

　B. 2000s.

　C. 1970s.

5. According to the passage, which of the following statements about quality control is NOT correct?

　A. Quality control can lead to great success for a company.

　B. Quality control can be done within one department.

　C. Quality control requires constant improvement.

答案：

1.这是一道细节题。本题询问“戴明认为什么时候是控制产品质量的最好时机”。此题信息对应文章第二段中的一句话Deming said that inspecting product quality after they were made was unacceptable，所以选C。

2.这是一道细节题。本题询问“戴明认为当出现质量问题时，应该由谁来承担责任？”。此题信息对应文章第三段第一句Another important principle of Deming's beliefs was that upper management should be responsible for quality failures，所以选B。

3.这是一道推断题。本题询问“下列哪一项不利于创建高质量的工作环境”，需仔细阅读文章第四段关于如何创建高质量的工作环境的论述，其中“training”和“participation”是文中明确提到的要素，只有“working alone”和文中提到的“teamwork”相左，所以选A。

4.这是一道细节题。本题询问“在哪个时期一些日本公司超越美国公司赢得了美国消费者市场”。此题信息对应文章的最后一段，“It was in the late 1970s that American manufacturing factories realized that quality control was a significant issue. By that time, Japanese firms such as Honda and Sony were taking over large portions of the American consumer market…”，所以选C。

5.这是一道推断题。本题需要通读并理解全文后来判断哪一项是关于质量控制不正确的表述，选项A和C都能在文中找到相应的论述，只有选项B在全文中从未提及，并且只能找到与此论述相反的证据，所以选B。

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